Art Leatherman - Korean War

Transcript for Art Leatherman

A – Art Leatherman

P – Ping King

V – Vivian Wang

C – Charissa Hanafi

A: They were made of canvas, leather face on the inside, and we had hats that folded with the flaps down over our ears, we had long-handled underwear, all kinds of gear, and we had a duck-down sleeping bag, and we asked, “What’s this for?” And they said, “Hang on to it, you’re going to need it.” Well, uh… we landed- we landed in Yongsong, Korea, North Korea, but it was supposed to be a tactical landing, but we hit a typhoon out in the sea of Japan, and uh… we were three days in this typhoon and during that time, the Republic of Korea troops had gone past Yongsong, so it was going to be an administrative landing, but in the process, they found out that the harbor was heavily minded, and it took them 14 days to clear the mines out of there before we could land. I was on an LST, which is a landing ship tank, the entire hold of it was full of 55 gallon drums of aviation fuel, so if we’d hit a mine, I would not be here talking to you today. I mean, that ball of fire would’ve gone up in the air and we would’ve all been incinerated. They wouldn’t have to worry about Missing in Action, you would never have found anything. Anyway, we did not land until they after they had cleared the mines, so then uh… as we got set up there, we operated and the first snowfall came and it melted right away as it hit the ground, but then uh… in the middle of October, the snow was sticking to the ground and uh… from that point on, why you needed your cold-weather gear. In fact, for Thanksgiving, a refrigeration ship arrived in the harbor and uh… we got 120 frozen turkeys to roast for-

P: Thanksgiving!

A: -Thanksgiving dinner, and uh… they came in about a week before Thanksgiving, so we put them in a tent, and we dropped the center out of the tent, and we shoveled snow over the tent and we kept the turkeys frozen and the night before, why they were boiled and then they were roasted, and we had turkey on Thanksgiving day. Uh… but it uh… the … it was interesting because I was one of the four that helped the cook

P: (laughter)

A: cook these at night, and we started with them frozen, just dropped them in boiling water and then we uh… stuck them in the oven to brown it up so it would look like it had been roasted. But I didn’t uh… I was asleep when my buddy came over and said, “You better hurry up and get over there or else you won’t get any turkey because the divvy just showed up,” but I said, “I don’t really want any turkey,” I said, “I saw the rats crawling through it last night.”

Everyone: (laughter)

A: And a couple ran off with the drumsticks

P: Oh my, I see

A: But anyway, we had rats and things like that, but the thing I miss most was not being able to bathe. We didn’t have water at our disposal, the- our drinking water was flown in from Japan, so we couldn’t drink the water that was available there, so we had, everyday, the plane came in and they unloaded the water buffalo with a tank of water, and there was not enough water to bathe, and uh, the LST that we had uh… gone out on… the showers didn’t work, and it was not a Navy LST, we had a Japanese crew. They had turned this over to the, uh… Japanese government for using the hall free, so here we were with the Japanese, they had their own food, we had our own food, they had their own cooking utensils, but no showers. So uh… anyway, it was … kind of a … we were kinda a smelly group after a while. Also, we had trouble with fleas. They were pretty good-sized fleas. So they gave us (clears throat) a little cardboard containers that had a nail in the end and they were pliable and so you would puff this DDT into your sleeping bag so after a while, your sleeping bag was kinda kinked with DDT and now that’s been a banned product…

P: Haha, yeah it is.

A: …But I slept in it for three months, so I- I don’t know, I mean, maybe I got resistant to it

P: (laughter)

A: But uh… we had unusual things like that happen… and then they… well, the Chosin reservoir incidence started and the Chinese army came in, and we had to uh… consolidate to develop a per line, and the air strip we were at in Yongsong was gonna be on the outside of that per so they flew our planes out to the air strip and it was at the uh.. what they call Wong Ju and it was just in from Han Hong Nam and they were flying, and transports came in and started flying everybody out. Well, I was going to be on the last plane to fly out and they uh… they were drawing enemy fire and they decided they didn’t want to lose a transport so they left 35 of us with one ltd behind and they… we had a radio and they told us to get into our, we called it the uh… Hilton Yongsong, where we slept at night, and uh… we stayed in the shadows because way off in the distance, you could see fires of the enemy starting to cook their meal for the evening. So they told us to watch out in the harbor at first light and if- when we saw the flashing light of an LST to move out that way and they would pick us up and the next morning, why, they came in with an LST – a Navy LST – so we figured, we’re going to get a shower! The showers didn’t work on that LST either…

P: (laughter)

A: And uh… so we were still without a shower. But uh when we got up to uh… Wong Ju, we were told that uh… the Marine division had been encircled by the Chinese. And it was our job to try to get them out… so being an old weather fire squadron, we could fly day and night or if the weather was bad, but the other squadrons could only fly in the day because we had radar- a big radar globe in the wings, so that we could see what was going on at night. So we operated 24 hrs around the clock and uh… it got a little taxing because we didn’t have that many personnel now I was supposed to be an office clerk, but I was out cranking a hand crank pumping gas out of 55-gallon drums; we didn’t have gasoline trucks. We didn’t have anything like that, it was very primitive and uh some of the time you were… they had a little saddle and they had a bomb in it and you were over there helping hang the bombs on the wings, you’re uncrating rockets, uh when the plane is ready to start again, you have to push the propeller through to get oil in the upper cylinder because there’s pistons all the way around the engine, and without that, you could wear the engine out rather rapidly if you didn’t get oil up in there. And then someone had to stand behind the propeller when the plane was starting with a CO2 bottle because about 85% of the time, you had to overload the fuel into the engine to really get it started and so what you did, you stand back there and when you see the flames, you squeeze the handle and put the hose out there and choke out the fire and the engine keeps right on going. So, if someone had to do that, I mean a lot of people think that all they do is jump in a plane and off they go but it doesn’t work that way. And on the flight line, none of the bombs are armed; they taxi down to the end of the runway and there are ordinance men down there that fuse the bombs that plug the rockets in so if someone acc pushed the button and you haven’t armed on the flight line that will blow up the plane and quite a few of us so they were never armed until they were ready to take off. So it was… really a challenge; we were getting probably about three hours of sleep a night but we did get one break because we had a blizzard. It lasted about 14 hrs and during that time, you got a little more sleep but we had to triple our guard around our flight line because you don’t know whether any enemy has infiltrated and so normally, we were always guarding our flight line around the clock but we had to triple to guard in there so by doing that, it didn’t give you as many hours of sleep as you would’ve liked to had, but we finally got the divvy out of the deal and it was interesting because being in aviation, you felt like you really were doing your part, they were really taking a hit up there, losing a lot of men, a lot of wounded, a lot of frostbite and so in talking to them afterwards, they said if it had been for the courser, they felt like they never would’ve gotten out of there. So we felt like we were doing our parts, and we realized that. On this cover, now this is a book that Peggy gave me for Christmas and this David Hubberstand wrote this book on the coldest winter and it’s about Korea. This is the first Marine division up in the Chosin reservoir marching out and you’ll notice they’re all in dark clothing against the white. The Chinese army had light yellow jackets, insulated, and they were reversible and when it snowed, they turned them around and they were white and can you imagine, you made a pretty good target-

P: Definitely

A: -when you were up against the white background and so they had an adv and uh… it … they had something … we had 7 divisions that were over in the Chosin reservoir area and the commandant of the Marine Corp when we went to the dedication of the Korean War Memorial said that uh… they got through Russia after Stalin had died and they became a little more of a friendly nation and they said that the marine division in the air wing had annihilated six and a half Chinese divisions. So we had a lot of firepower with the planes and everything and one of things that we used that they didn’t like was napalm.

P: Oh, napalm, yes.

A: And uh… it uh… we used big long belly tanks that were auxiliary tanks for the coursers and they would fill that full of napalm and then they didn’t like that fire at all. Uh so it uh… but it uh… we also used the belly tanks, we kept 15 among the flight line at all times, so if the perimeter had not held, we could fill those up with gasoline and our planes would have been able to fly back to Japan and then we would’ve been part of the perimeter fighting because there was no way we were going to get out until the divvy got out and then we would’ve had to board ships with the divvy. Most of the divvy was taken out by plane but when we got back to uh… Japan, they flew us out - I was on the next to last plane to leave the airstrip – I wasn’t on the last one this time.

P: Oh, Thank God

A: But uh… we landed at night and uh, there was a sergeant… well first of all, we turned in our ammunition; you don’t carry around ammunition back in Japan. So we turned in our ammunition and sergeant said, “They’ve got hot food over in the cafeteria!” – or the mess hall, they don’t call it cafeteria – but this was the air force, we were on an air force base and uh… they just moved every squadron into different air force bases because they didn’t have room for a lot of us so when we – I asked the sergeant, “Where are we going to sleep?” And he says, well he says, “We don’t have much room here, you’re being assigned to the jail.”

Everyone: (light laughter)

A: And they had moved their two prisoners out of the jail so I said, “Where’s the jail?” So he explained to us. So we went down there, and uh, another buddy of mine, we went down there and we undressed, and we walked over to that shower, and I think I stood under that shower for thirty minutes just letting the water run over me and soaping down, then came back and dried off with that dirty towel I had for three months in Korea and the clothes we had over there were starting to fall apart, put the dirty clothes back on, and went over and had a hot meal. And uh… the first morning, why when we awoke, they didn’t wake us up and say ‘revelry’ but uh… about 10 o’clock and they had the air force medical people there and we went over and we checked out and then we had six that had pneumonia that were hospitalized. And a lot of us, we ended up with walking pneumonia and it was two weeks before I got over that little episode. But anyway, it was nice to be back with blankets and sheets and everything and so we went back over to Korea and we were in South Korea and the airstrip that the CVs had built and uh… we were down near Pu song so we were never near, after that, close to the enemy. Our pilots were because they flew daily and evenings up in the front. But a little while after that, why the uh… peace stocks started and the uh… we still… they were still shooting, they were still fighting, and uh… our squadron was assigned the job of… they had 4 passes that they could bring supplies down through. During the day, the other squadron could keep an eye on those passes and if trucks started to come through, why they could blow them up, and that way, we were choking off their supplies. And at night, why then our planes went up there and if they saw a flash or anything, they’d go down and blow it away so we could try to keep the enemy from having anything. What they finally did, they brought over some navy privateer bombers and they loaded the whole fuselage full of flares, parachute flares, and they flew up at night over these four passes and they would drop these parachute flares so then you could see definitely if anything was going through or not, so it gave the pilots a lot better chance of stopping any materials coming through. It was interesting; I signed up for three years in the Marine Corp, I enlisted for three years. On my discharge day, I was in Korea and uh… President Truman had involuntarily extended me for one more year. And this is happening right now in Iraq.

P: Yeah, it is…

A: A lot of these people are not getting out on their discharge dates so this isn’t the first time it happened. Now in WWII, everybody knew they weren’t gonna be getting out until after the war was over. So instead of putting in three years, I put in four years in the Marine Corp. Another interesting thing that was really unusual was that in the fifteen months I was over there, I went through five typhoons.

P: Wow, five.

A: When we landed and went into an atomic air force base, we hadn’t been there about a week and a typhoon hit. And uh… so we were eating sea rations in our barracks because it was corrugated metal and some of the metal was coming loose and flying if you went outside, it would possibly cut you in half or kill you. So that was the first time. The second time was on the LST and uh… that was a different story, because I was in the very four compartments where the gears are to open up the mouth of the ship. The ship opens up in the front; it’s about 125 feet long. And it opens in the front, and the gate drops down and the tanks – that’s what it’s called, landing ship tanks – but we had fuel, so but anyway, that drops down, and then there’s another ramp that drops down from the top deck, and on the top deck of the ship we had had CBA equipment, and lost a road grater and a bulldozer off to the side because of the typhoon and the waves were about 30 feet high and the winds were blowing and what would happen is… we would come out of the water and we would then come down on a swell, and you’d hear this boing, boing, boing and uh… that was the ship springing back into shape, because the ship actually bent and then it popped back into shape.

P: Wow…

A: And our major that we had with us told us this and it was kind of a surprise. And then we went through two typhoons in South Korea in a tent. And we uh… scrounged all the rope we could get and made it look like a spider web over the tent, so our tent didn’t blow away; some of the other tents did but… and when you get to the eye of the storm, then you could go out and make sure that the ropes were tied again, and then get back inside. And then had one typhoon off of Okinawa on our way back to the States. So it was uh… quite an experience. I never fired one round of ammunition, and all of the enemy was taken care of as far as I was concerned, by all the pilots flying our planes, so I didn’t have any adjustments to make as far as coming home and going through that type of nightmare that a lot of the guys did and so I felt very fortunate from that standpoint but uh… they did the dirty work and we just loaded up the planes so I was pleased with that. And now do you have any questions?

P: Oh, yes we do actually… um, we need your name, birth date, and war, and branch of service… just for the records. So name?

A: Art Leatherman… and I was in the United States Marine Corp, I was a staff sergeant at the Inn, and uh… my date of birth is May 23, 1929. Next month, I’ll be 79. (laughter)

P: Oh wow, 79. Happy early birthday… one month early. And um… also we wanted a few biographical details… like when and where you were born… uh.

A: I was born in Los Angeles; I’m a long way from home.

P: Haha, that’s right.

A: I’m a Native Californian so I spent all my life here, except for Korea and when I was transferred to Jacksonville, Florida. We live in Arcadia now, for 41 years. And I did – one thing I did get out of the military was – I got the GI Bill and I was able to go to college and get my degree; I have a Bachelor’s degree in Agriculture so I spent most of my working days in the food processing business but uh… it… so from that standpoint, it would’ve been a lot harder to get an education but uh… Peggy insisted that hey, you got to go to college and get a degree. So she taught for 3 years while I was going to college but uh… it was uh… it was different… I would say the most enlightening period in the Marine corp. is boot camp.

P: Oh! Yeah, we wanted to ask about that…

A: Two weeks of boot camp were sheer hell and when you have the DIs with the chest full of ribbons with purple hearts, bronze stars, silver stars, and all the campaign ribbons of WWII, they were giving you all the ins and outs so that you protected yourself and knew how to survive the best you could. I mean, but uh… they really drummed it into you. You were not called a Marine until you graduated from boot camp. You didn’t have your insignatives, you didn’t have anything – you were nothing until after you finished!

P: (laughter)

A: So they really put you through the grinder.

P: So what did you do during boot camp… what were some of the things you did?

A: (leans in) What?

C: What were some of the exercises you did…

P: … during boot camp?

A: Well, we uh… knew what the different painted colors on the canisters of gas were, uh… how to wear a gas mask. They took us into a quansive hut and filled it full tear gas, and then they had you take off your gas mask, and then until you stood in there until he tapped you on the shoulder so you could walk out so they wanted to make sure you knew what gas was all about so you got a good dose of tear gas before you got out of the quansive hut. We learned how to abandon by ship jumping off of the swimming pool up at the firing range that was like the side of a ship. You learned how to jump off a ship and swim through flaming oil. They never put the flames in. But you learned how to come up and splash the dent and get a big deep breath and swim under water with your clothes on. And so that’s, uh, what we get for qualification. Every year you go back to the Marine Corp and requalify to go back. And we were familiarized a bunch of weapons, with, uh, a  45 pistol,  branded automatic rifle, hand grenades, all kinds of uh, things, uh, you could use them, and first aid but of course. But uh, one day, we got to see a movie that we had seen a number of times going overseas. And uh, it was in Technicolor, and it was dead bodies that had been shot, disarmored, uh, parts of the body were missing and things so that you were familiar with this and that you would stand up and take a bullet. So, they showed us this, uh after lunch.

P: Wow uh, that was awful.

A: And on the way overseas, we had seen it about 7 or 8 times just to make sure you were adjusted because you’re bound to seen something like this at the front of the line. Luckily, I wasn’t at the front of the line. Anyway, that’s what. But there was a lot of marching because they want you to move as a group when you get a command. And so when they say right face or forward march, everyone has got to be in synch. And they really drill you on this so you’re concentrating and thinking about am I gonna get here and get home on boot-leave.  But, and you’re thinking about enlisting for that command because you get punished if you miss the command. I mean, the most of it was counting seconds. But uh it’s an experience. If I had to go back, I would do definitely go back to the Marine Corps.

P: Ok so, so what were you doing before you joined the service?

A: I was driving a forklift in a steel factory that also had a machine shop, uh, making rear-axles for semi-trailers. And I looked up and away because we got aboard a carrier down in North Island by San Diego. And uh, they needed a forklifter to offer and pull up the palettes of stuff up from loading on to the flight deck to store. So they asked if anyone here knew how to drive a forklift, and I raised my hand. So yea, I got to drove a forklift unloading stuff while these guys had to muscle this stuff all the way to the hold in the ship. And on the way overseas, I was the forklift driver and that was my assignment. And I uh I stood about 45 minutes in the morning with the cooks and they would get all the things they needed. And then we would drive over to the hangar deck and they would open up a hatch and uh, move stuff down the chute to slide all the food down there. And in the afternoon, the person with the PX would come up and get his supplies on a palette and move on to a different chute and he would chute it down to his px. And that’s all I did. The rest of them were up with chipping hammers knocking paint off the deal. But we did, we had calluses and thing everyday. The other that happened was the same thing that was happening in Iraq. They had reserves called up and arrived on the 8^th of august in 1950. And on the 16th of august, they were aboard ship with us overseas. They thought that they were coming in to replace us, but they went with us. But we had reserves from Long Beach, San Francisco, Dallas, Minneapolis, and Glenview, Illinois. It was like the Untied States coming in and they were sent overseas with us. And some of them, they’ve never gone to boot camp. They’ve never shot a rifle or anything. So most of those were left in Japan. Only some of them went with us to Korea.

P: Not really Marines now, are they. (laughs) What made you want to join the service?

A: I was 12 when World War II started. You know, it had been going on for a period of time and I figured if it’s going to go on for a period of time, you might as well join the service. I thought I would rather join the Marine Corps, which was a smaller organization service rather than the huge army. And so, what happened was that before I had joined the Marine corps, they had continued the draft. And I thought I’m single, I’m not going to college, so I’m going to be one of the first ones called up to the Marine Corp. And uh, I went over and joined the Marine Corps. Well, that’s really what happened. I mean, I thought, uh, you were really more of a name than a number in the Marine Corp. than in the Army.

P: Okay, now how has the whole experience, you know being in the war and stuff, affected your life?

A: Ah, I have memories and I can still picture the WonSong Hilton, because the two top floors were blown off. You know, we had our sleeping bags with our little canvas cot, and you were given a little piece of canvas to cover over in the rain before the snow started, the roof leaked because the concrete had cracked and the rain had been coming down. So you would use the canvas to cover yourself and keep your sleeping bag dry. And I have one buddy that I still am in contact with, he’s up in San Francisco, but uh, most of them that I really made contact when are from back east and things, so they’re not local. And it’s not – I guess I have to say that by having the opportunity to get a college education, it had made a difference in our lives because we were able to have a better life now than if I had gone back and just driven the forklift then.

P: (laughter) and do you have any advice that you would give for those young people who are thinking about joining the service today? Do you have any advice for them?

A: you know, I – this deal is going on in Iraq, I didn’t feel it was the thing to do. So I’m a little upset that we’re spending all the dollars we are, and finding out that there were really no real weapons of mass destruction there. I just felt that General McArthur was really my President Truman. He was insistent that we were really going to make an assault landing. If it hadn’t been for that typhoon, there would have been an assault landing, and heck of a lot of us would have been killed.  I mean, he was not listening to the Admiral, who was saying that there was going to be a heck of a line because it’s in North Korea. I mean we had done it in Inchon before, but that was in South Korea before. But North Korea had not minded yet, they had just gotten the thing. You know, it’s just that if you were really were dent on doing it, that you would go into the air force or the navy. And do not become a coreman, because a lot of times they get assigned to the marine corps. Because we counted on them for the medical deal. We didn’t have that. And you know the marine corps they are under the department of the navy. We weren’t like the army who was protected under the government. We were more like the land unit for the navy. (laughter) but uh, then I think that with the situation that it the way it is now. The chances of going over there 2 or 3 times, and if you’re fortunate to come home for a third time, I don’t know, it’s just, stop going over there. You just can’t feel that you’re always going to come back from going over there. It’s just the odds are against you if you’re going over there for awhile. You can’t keep going and expecting to come home. The odds are going to catch up to you. I mean, no foreman, no medical. (laughter)

P: you know what, did you have some medals you want to show us?

A: You know actually, I do. (pulls out box) This here is a map of Korea for the stars and stripes. And uh, this is up here was wansong, so we were getting up the 34^th parallel. So we were going up north a bit, then we went down south a little to pusang. I uh, this is all full of momentos and photos from the dedication of the korean war memorial. I do have medals from the korea war. The reason why we didn’t receive it before then was that korea didn’t make medals. And for many years, you weren’t allowed to wear a foreign medals, but that law changed and now you’re getting people with French awards, and—

P: wow, that was a quite a few years ago

A: yeah. (takes out box of mdeals) there’s some in here. This is. Well this is in the marine corps, when I joined, when you were in boot camp, you had to qualify with the rifle. If you were qualified, you were excellent. If not, you were a marchland. The experts got 5 dollars more a month, the sharpshooters 3, and the marchland, didn’t get any. And when I was in the private first class, we got 75 dollars a month. This was the anchor and golds I kept. This was the presidential union citation, I put the star in that somewhere else I guess. And uh, this is the ring for good conduct medal. If you’ve gone for 3 years for no office or service hours or anything, you get a medal. (laughter) (takes out more medals) and I think thisi was a Korean service medal. This one. And uh, this was the army distinguished union citation. This is the pacific defense national defense medal. And to this day, they’re still giving this medal out. I mean, supposedly if you’re sill in the military you’re in defense. And this is the United Nations medal.

P: Oh, I like that one!

A: and uh, that’s when you’re in a bar box like this, you’re bound to get medals. The general he has a lot of those things.

P: Haha, yes, I’m sure.

A: When you get quite a few, you used to call them a ‘fruit salad’. When we got back from overseas, our top sergeant said that you would have to wear all of the medals or else that would insult the bar. It was required to put those on your uniform. At this time, it was 1951, and his comment was that if you had those on your chest and had 25 cents, you could get a cup of coffee for anywhere. Or else they’re not saying it’s not worth much. (laughter)

P: but you got medals, nice.

A: you know, it’s that I have – we have a general that is in our church and the general got me some miniature medals and he’s also part of a annual recall birthday party. And he comes in dressed in his old uniform and sabre and cuts the birthday cake with it. So it’s getting to be a smaller group as time goes on and most of them were wwii, and he was in the wwii  with the navy, korea with the marine corps, and vietnam as well. So he was in the service for quite a few years. And he’s a gung-ho. But uh, you don’t really wear the medals and things, you just – I mean they’re there. So uh…I look at it from the standpoint that this was the forgotten war. And when we got back, we just went back to whatever we were doing. But such there was a resistance with Vietnam, and there were some really unhappy military that came back and were saying with so many lives at risk,

And hadn’t received anything, I guess there was no need for like a big welcome with desert storm or anything. We were glad to have received what we had gotten. I mean, we came back, went to college, and went to work. It’s the way things are. I mean, if you’re gonna sit there and dwaddle on it, it’s just gonna bother you more and more. And why think about it, when you should be happy to have gotten home in one piece. It’s just I was very fortunate. I requested for aviation and for the tanks. And when I saw what happened to the tanks, I was very glad that  chose the other. And so, it’s ugh – memories, and it’s just uh, you can just still picture the different places you were and what it was like. And we were in the snow – I’ll never forget that – we had no cold weather training. And after the Korean deal, now the marine has a base, up in Bridgeport that has winter training. It prepares for snow and everything. And we didn’t have anything. What helped us was that we had some reserves from Minneapolis and Minnesota that had experience with cold weather. And when we had to set up tents up in wanzu, we didn’t have  dilapted buildings. We had enough wood to shovel snow over it so that we made an igloo of sorts to put our cots so that we wouldn’t have that wind chill factor. So it was between -30 to 30 degrees. And it never stopped blowing for two weeks. Our noses were constantly sniffling and cold, the wind blowing and our eyes would have tears running down our face. And the food rations didn’t thaw enough. So you opened up your rations and you get your knife and pop it into your cheek and swallow. So it was all cold and uh, you didn’t eat too much. We all lost weight in the end anyway because we were oh-so-healthy. But for the rest of the war, it was like that. The food was in like little tuna cans, and it was boring, and you’d get the frank ol’ spaghetti. It was like that with little meatballs and stew. I can’t think of what brand it is now, but we had stew. And half a tuna can of peanut butter, a half of jam, and three crackers about that thick (pinches fingers) to spread them on. And you had one and uh fruit cocktail, sliced peaces and pears canned for fruit. And uh, you had matches, and a stick of chewing gum and chocolate. Yeah, and that is what we survived on there. If you wanted drink water in that temperature, you had to go out in the snow, and scoop down deep to get it. And there you go, drink some water. Let the snow melt in your mouth. It was primitive to say the least.

P: Thank you. I think that was all we needed for our project to ask. Thank you.